Truncated cone pattern fire investigation. plume and a nearby vertical surface.

Truncated cone pattern fire investigation (In that case, it's called a frustum). The completed cone looks like the figure at the right. Fire Pattern Tap again to see term. Patterns produced by the fire are in many cases a significant portion of the data collected at the scene. The problem was, I didn't know how to draw the pattern. A cone, optionally with the top cut off. David J. Any burning fuel source where the fire plume is not vertically restricted will produce inverted cone patterns. Actually, the analysis of fire patterns has been included in all of the editions of NFPA-921 as well as many of the textbooks that have been written concerning fire investigation. plume and a nearby vertical surface. Inverted cone patterns interpreted as conclusive evidence of flammable liquid fires. That means the top of the cone (missing in the truncated cone) has a pattern that is cone-pattern shaped. Use the form below to enter the 3 values and the results of the others will be shown. 4 Fire Patterns or Fire Indicators 2. of Informa plc. I decided to create this page because I knew the height and the two circle cut-out widths for creating my Bender hands. Send to a Print Shop for plan printing, or to print a large template image over multiple pages, see Printing Tips In cases of suspected arson, it may prove beneficial to observe or photograph any onlookers. Free burning phase d. The fire investigator can be misled by similar looking char patterns, but a close examination should be able to eliminate any confusion. Doughnut-Shaped Patterns 10. 1, Winter 1995. , 2020). Fire investigators look for “V” patterns in these cases. Patterns on ceilings are often more difficult to reproducibility of specific fire patterns, heat and flame vector analysis results, and depth of calcination measurements. Abstract: This article explains the various "V" patterns an investigator might come across. [IE1,2] M4 explain the roles and interactions of the agencies involved in a fire investigation. 3, Issue No. Keywords: fire patterns, fire effects, compartment fires, fire investigation INTRODUCTION Fire investigation plays a critical role in identifying potentially faulty or improperly designed and installed products, which may have played a role in the fire, and in identifying persons that deliberately started a fire with malicious intent. 0 faves. com Oct 11, 2012 · Truncated cone pattern Example from NFPA921 of fire pattern. They discuss Dave Icove's background, including his early interest Podcast Episode · Fire Investigation INFOCUS podcast · 05/29/2024 · 1h 9m Cone Calculator is used to calculate Fabrication Layout Markings or Flat Pattern Layout Marking of Full Cone, Half Cone or Truncated Cone, Multi-Level concentric Cone, Eccentric Cone, Multi-Level Eccentric Cone, Tori Cone with Knuckle Radius at Large End, Tori Cone with knuckle radius at Both Ends Mar 28, 2022 · Steps to make a cone pattern: Determine the angle for your cone/setting; most common setting angles are 45°, 70°, and 90°. This t pe usuall aused drop do as a result of late involvement or early extinguishment of a Jan 7, 2008 · burns were: (a) patterns persistence through flashover and full room involvement, (b) reproducibility of patterns geometry in minimal variable testing methods, and (c) reaffirmation of standard patterns analysis methodologies, such as heat and flame vector analysis, depth of calcination measurement, and truncated cone patterns formation and May 28, 2024 · The show covers training events, listener feedback, fire investigation terminology like "statute of repose" and "truncated cone pattern", and the value of local fire investigation chapters and presenting at conferences to break into the training profession. 1 V Oct 7, 2024 · Understanding the potential causes of irregular fire patterns is essential in fire investigations to avoid misconceptions and misinterpretations. Create two circles (one, if you don’t need a truncated cone) Make the circles into pie slices; Create the right size circles for your cone NEW TECH CHANGES INVESTIGATIONS Leading Fire Investigation Conferences. Often a saddle burn is caused by a burning liquid on the floor or radiant heat from a material close to the floor. These photographs and annotations are provided to illustrate the burn pattern Sep 1, 2009 · Such patterns are often called “truncated cone patterns. All of them have considered the fire source as a point source of buoyancy only. If you'd like a real cone, just use 0(zero) for the Top Diameter. In addition, several ancillary fire effects, fire patterns, and post-fire analysis issues were successfully examined. Such patterns are often called ‘truncated cone patterns. Saddle Burns 23 Fire Effects and Fire Patterns (1 of 2) Fire effects are observable or measurable changes in or on a material resulting from fire. Correct determination of the origin depends on the correct interpretation of "V" Patterns + Inverted Cone Patterns + Hourglass Patterns = Confusion. ’ (Fire investigators refer to ‘cones’ and ‘inverted cones,’ but their definition is the exact opposite of the classic geometric definition of a cone. Reprinted with permission from the author. We are making changes to Routledge. myths, fire pattern interpretation remains an essential part of the investigative process. Corry. Full-scale research burns into the nature of patterns in compartment fires were conducted at the new fire research facility of Eastern Kentucky University. A burnt piece of evidence from the fire. The fire investigator must attempt to recreate the fire development history and identify the fire’s origin and cause. Jan 7, 1997 · Kennedy & Associates & Meier Fire Investigation, LLC. The flame extension length beneath the A few of the studies also indicated that truncated cone patterns, Floor patterns Fire patterns identified on the floor have been a common theme within fire investigation as being a possible Jan 5, 2017 · Laboratory test and CFD modeling of a vortex tube air separator with different control valve shapes including; spherical, plate, cone and truncated cone control valve, at the hot exhaust have been carried out. Aug 22, 2024 · 6 36 Depth of Char Patterns with Fuel Gases Flash fires involving fuel gases can from STATISTICS 3129 at Yonsei University See Volume Calibration Templates to mark incremental fluid volumes on cone. NEW TECH CHANGES INVESTIGATIONS Leading Fire Investigation Conferences. Click again to see term. Key questions to be addressed by the research burns were: (a) patterns persistence through flashover and full room involvement, (b) reproducibility of patterns geometry in minimal variable Mar 1, 2025 · As for 2D fire pattern analysis, methodologies or techniques that make fire investigation more objective and quantitative can help somewhat alleviate the aforementioned problems. 2006; Hopkins et al. (Photos by author unless otherwise noted. Can be used to help create the geometry for a beaker, vase, party hat or lamp shade. We’re testing new materials just to see how they burn. were identified in the first eight tests (Gorb ett et al. A recent experimental research activity examined a truncated cone model and its drag reduction owing to energy deposition [12]. Kennedy & Associates (USA) and William Hicks, IAAI-CFI, CFEI, CFPS, Eastern Kentucky University (USA) Patrick M. Corry Director, Fire Investigation Specialist American Re-Insurance. 3 Fire Scene Examination 2. Area Patterns 12. This fire pattern study represents another step in the ongoing series to analyze the reproducibility of fire patterns. depth of calcination measurement, and truncated cone pattern formation and analysis document and interpret fire pattern damage accurately is a skill of paramount importance to investigators when they are reconstructing fire scenes. Can the tests conducted be correlated to an actual fire incident. For years, many efforts have been made amongst fire investigation professionals to categorize and explain the variety of patterns that might be encountered at a fire scene. Send to a Print Shop for plan printing, or to print a large template image over multiple pages, see Printing Tips myths, fire pattern interpretation remains an essential part of the investigative process. Most fire moves up an out creating a "V" pattern. 1997; Hicks et al. Keywords: Forensic science; Fire investigation; Fire patterns; Fire damage; Fire effects Introduction Forensic science is defined as the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to 2. 2003 Similar char patterns. The most common patterns are Truncated Cone Pattern, Pointer and Arrow Patterns, Irregular Patterns, and Circular Shaped Patterns. Can fire pattern geometry be reproducible in minimal variable testing methods? 3. 2008; Gorbett et al. Causes of floor burn-through other than ignitible liquids can include ventilation, glowing combustion, and radiation, as well as building materials collapsing and a simulated fire investigation, drawing scientifically derived conclusions P4 describe the roles of agencies that could be involved in a fire investigation. It has a large circular base, a smaller circular top, and slanting sides. Kennedy & Associates (USA) and William Hicks, CFEI, CFPS, IAAI-CFI Eastern Kentucky University (USA) Patrick M. Columnar patterns, while produced by fires more developed than the fires that produce triangular patterns, usually evolve further if the fire is not extinguished. Fire Findings, Vol. It is assumed that the imperfection shape is not affected by the mounting and wiring in the buckling facility because the metal rings with the potting provide Nov 13, 2022 · Jet fires generally leave patterns on the surface of the plate, which can be helpful for fire investigators to find the source and cause of fire incidents. First, think about extending the conical figure up to a point. I have labeled a few lengths in the figure because they will be useful later. Photograph courtesy of Robert A. What is the literature that describes how fire modeling and fire simulation is used in fire investigations? Kirk's Fire Investigation, 7/e (5/2011), John D. Circle-shaped fire burn patterns are typically found on elevated surfaces, such as ceilings or upper support beams. – V‐shaped patterns from fire plume – Inverted cone patterns created by vertical flame plume not reaching ceiling level – Hourglass patterns from fuel package at the base, near a vertical surface – Truncated cone patterns from intersection of a cone pattern on vertical and horizontal surfaces 4 May 28, 2015 · Truncated cone fire patterns have been found in over 50 % of all fire pattern tests. 396-405 Author's personal copy 404 Investigations | Fire Patterns and Their Interpretation Cone Layout is a program to unfold a frustum of a cone and generate a sheet cutting layout or flat pattern projection that can be rolled or bend up into a truncated cone shape. The following indicators were present when this pattern was excavated that helped to establish that this pattern resulted from an ignitable liquid pour and was not caused by falling, burning debris or from a flashover effect: 1. Can standard fire patterns analysis methodologies, such as heat and flame vector analysis, depth of calcination measurement, depth of char, and truncated cone patterns formation and analysis be Examples of Fire Patterns. It describes effects such as charring, spalling, oxidation, melting, smoke deposits, and glass effects. When found in unexpected places, such patterns can be erroneously identified as ignitable liquid patterns and associated with an incendiary fire cause. Correct determination of the origin depends on the correct interpretation of the fire patterns, which can be exceedingly difficult. View the Cone Instructions below to learn how to manually layout the flat pattern for a truncated cone in single or multiple gore sections. 4. Patterns persistence through flashover and full room involvement was observed, as well as the reproducibility of specific fire patterns, heat and flame vector analysis results, and depth of calcination measurements. 4511 US HWY 19, Suite A Palmetto, FL 34221. D4 evaluate the operation and liaison of the agencies involved in a fire investigation. What is a truncated cone pattern? What is a comparison sample in fire investigation? A photograph of the fire scene. Protected Surface: Body "Clean Burn" "Rundown Burn" Ignitable Liquid Pour Pattern. Gorbett, IAAI-CFI, CFEI, CFPS, MIFireE John A. Inverted Cone (Triangular) Patterns 3. Icove, Brady / Pearson Figure 7 shows schematically how a U-shaped and circular patterns are created, and Figure 8 shows a classic U-shaped pattern from a fire scene. 3. Terrell Nadeau – Over 40 years in fire investigation Full CV and Download Jan 1, 2013 · Six studies in particular discuss the reproducibility in recreating similar truncated cone patterns under similar conditions (Shanley et al. Carman, Carman Fire Investigations, Reproduced by permission of Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, a division with permission. Morton [4], and Lee and Emmons [5] have observed that a fire source actually has finite size and is a source of mass, momentum Pattern for a Truncated Cone: One Solution . Examples of Fire Patterns: "Inverted Cone" Annotated by Robert A. Arsonists have been known to return to the scene to watch the fire and the investigation. One of the most important aspects of any fire investigation is the proper recognition, identification, and analysis of fire patterns. Nov 30, 2023 · There are different types of fire patterns as mentioned in Chapter 6. Dec 1, 2015 · Keywords: Forensic science; Fire investigation; Fire patterns; Fire damage; searchers discuss that similar truncated cone patterns. Jan 1, 2016 · (1) “V” pattern forming on the outside of a building. For example, a fire investigator will want to consider ventilation openings or structural barriers when there’s a presence of H-pattern at a fire scene. 2) Understanding fire effects and how they form different patterns is important for fire investigators to interpret fire patterns and Sheet Metal Cone Calculator. Structural damage inconsistent with fire loading. It allows you to determine either the size of raw material needed or the number of gore sections to fit on your available material. The investigator should be careful to identify properly the fuel sources for any irregularly shaped or circular patterns. [2], and Yokoi [3] form the basis of our present understanding. Frustum (Truncated Cone) Calculator. Sep 4, 2024 · Understanding Burn Patterns. 2. Truncated Cone Patterns 6. These patterns usually appear as streaks or markings on ceilings and upper walls. 2 Exterior Fire Scene Examination 2. Done. U- shaped Patterns 5. That is, this pedestal is formed by cutting off a cone with a base having a diameter of 8 inches. In the Mar 5, 2017 · View fireinvestigations from BUSINESS 201 at Multimedia University of Kenya. Throughout, Dave shares his decades of experience in fire investigation. Did you know that new compact fluorescent bulbs can change the outcome of a fire investigation? Read Full Paper Jun 20, 2016 · The measurement gives the real shape of the cone including the deviation pattern from the ideal best fit geometry. Circular Patterns. A truncated cone is a normal cone, but with the top cut off. ” Confinement patterns can provide a fire investigator with . Linear Patterns a) Trailers b) Protected Floor Areas c) Fuel Gas Jets 11. 941-351-6409 941-900-1234 – V‐shaped patterns from fire plume – Inverted cone patterns created by vertical flame plume not reaching ceiling level – Hourglass patterns from fuel package at the base, near a vertical surface – Truncated cone patterns from intersection of a cone pattern on vertical and horizontal surfaces 4 Fire patterns are the principal artifacts that fire investigators use to trace the origin and development of a fire. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, (2013), vol. ) package is located away from the witness surface, the resulting fire pattern is shaped as a “U”, evident by its radial or curved lines of demarcation (Figure 3). can you Explain the difference and similarities in "V", inverted "V", and truncated burning patterns on vertical Jun 4, 2018 · 1 FULL-SCALE ROOM BURN PATTERNS STUDY Gregory E. These photographs and annotations are provided to illustrate the burn pattern indicated. Oblique cone volume An oblique cone is a cone with an apex that is not aligned above the center of the base. 3, pp. Hopkins, CFEI, CFPS Eastern Kentucky University (USA) A BSTRACT Full-scale research burns into the nature of A truncated cone, commonly known as a frustum, is a shape that results from slicing off the top of a cone. Figure 3: Illustration of the Fire Plume and Truncated Cone Pattern Development LITERATURE REVIEW Several studies have been conducted to help identify the fire patterns in compartment reproducibility of specific fire patterns, heat and flame vector analysis results, and depth of calcination measurements. Do not score or fold the glue flap in this template to keep the geometry at the seam smooth. These patterns are often known as “truncated cone patterns” and are usually recorded on vertical surfaces. Describe two types of events that can affect the fire pattern and possibly give false leads as to the direction of fire travel. Uploaded on October 11, 2012 Example from NFPA921 of fire pattern. 2 The presence of an ignitable liquid should be confirmed by laboratory analysis. . And the truncated cone's pattern, were it not truncated would also be cone-pattern shaped. Fire Pattern analysis has been a key factor in the determination of the origin and cause of fires for the past 50 years. Classic "V" "Inverted Cone" on a Wall "Inverted Cone" on an Object. Six studies in particular discuss the reproducibility in recreating similar truncated cone patterns under similar conditions (Shanley et al. The measurement is done as close as practically possible to the test. DeHaan. 4. sequential data, because if there is a smoke horizon or a . 5 Who Conducts Fire Scene Investigations? 2. Define burn pattern as it relates to the investigation of fire origin and cause. This paper investigates the flame extension and pattern of jet fire impinging wood plates under strong plume conditions. Abnormal fires create inverted "v" patterns. 2008;Gorbett et al Sep 17, 2024 · 화재현장에서 화재패턴 분석을 매우 중요한 요소이다. , 2. An example of the volume of a truncated cone calculation can be found in our potting soil calculator, as the standard flower pot is a frustum of a cone. Create two circles (one, if you don’t need a truncated cone) Make the circles into pie slices; Create the right size circles for your cone Cone Calculator is used to calculate Fabrication Layout Markings or Flat Pattern Layout Marking of Full Cone, Half Cone or Truncated Cone, Multi-Level concentric Cone, Eccentric Cone, Multi-Level Eccentric Cone, Tori Cone with Knuckle Radius at Large End, Tori Cone with knuckle radius at Both Ends Jun 20, 2016 · The measurement gives the real shape of the cone including the deviation pattern from the ideal best fit geometry. ) These Jan 1, 2012 · called ‘truncated cone patterns. Pointers and Arrow Patterns 7. * * * INTRODUCTION Since the very beginning of organized fire investigation in the late 1940’s, fire Fire patterns are the principal artifacts that fire investigators use to trace the origin and development of a fire. Sep 1, 2005 · The goal of this work is to develop a material model for Norway spruce and Scots pine woods for use in performance-based fire safety design to predict char front progress and heat release in Jul 1, 2024 · Fire pattern investigation is relevant to the fire plume characteristic parameters, such as the burning rate (mass loss rate), flame height, temperature profile. 오늘 다양한 화재패턴의 종류 중에서 화살표 패턴(arrow pattern), 역원뿔형 패턴(inverted pattern), 끝이 잘린 원추 패턴(truncated cone pattern), 고스트마크(ghost mark), 트레일러 패턴(trailer pattern), 틈새 연소패턴(seam burn pattern)에 대해 알아보고 해당 패턴으로 Fire Patterns, Fire Investigation, Fire Science, Calcination, Fire Investigation Techniques This is a report on a research project into the practical use of measurements of depth of calcination of room-fire exposed gypsum wallboard, under actual fire scene investigation conditions, to discover and illustrate movement and intensity fire patterns Director, Fire Investigation Specialist American Re-Insurance. 930 views. Truncated Cone Patterns. 9 Scientific Method 2. 2007; Madrzykowski and Fleischmann 2012). The NFPA guide and the texts provide information to a fire investigator collecting data from the scene, analyzing the data, and developing a hypothesis about the fire. For example, fire pattern analysis can be more quantitative, which is a significant gap in investigation methodologies (Akashah et al. In 1985 the Advanced Fire Patterns Project was formed between the National A few of the studies also indicated that truncated cone patterns, specifically V-patterns, were located away from the true origin causing confusion for the investiga- tors ( Hoffmann et al. , 3. Burn patterns refer to the physical and visual signs left by fire's action as it burns materials and surfaces. Irregular Patterns 9. Gorbett, CFEI, CFPS, MIFireE John A. However, there are many other fire patterns that indicate the type and source of the fire. * * * INTRODUCTION Since the very beginning of organized fire investigation in the late 1940’s, fire Research Laboratory and Steven W. Tap card to see definition. ) called ‘truncated cone patterns. Triangle Shaped Pattern Also Called An Inverted Cone Pattern Produced Download Scientific Diagram Flammable liquid burn pattern PENETRATIONS 6. This study will review the reproducibility of fire patterns to analyze the overall use of fire patterns in the origin determination. As technology changes, so should fire investigation methods. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Kennedy & Associates (USA) and William Hicks, IAAI-CFI, CFEI, CFPS, Eastern… As indicated, one of the key methodologies included in this section is the analysis of Fire Patterns. 3 Interior Fire Scene Examination 2. Jul 14, 2020 · 1 FULL-SCALE ROOM BURN PATTERNS STUDY Gregory E. 2006;Hicks et al. In fire investigation, the apex of the cone is at the bottom. Jan 1, 2009 · A few of the studies also indicated that truncated cone patterns, The fire investigation industry is considered to be lagging behind the rest of the forensic science fields in its assessment Full-Scale Room Burn Patterns Study ABSTRACT . Thus, it is of great significance for fire pattern investigation to scientifically understand the evolution of fire characteristic parameters. determine the base width and, if making a truncated cone, the finished height. damage for determining the area of origin, along with a new definition for the term fire pattern is proposed. Either side of the truncated cone can be tilted. 1997;Hicks et al. 2. Running head: FIRE INVESTIGATION 1 Topic: Fire Investigation Student name: Instructor name: Course name: Date: Fire areas known in the profession as “fire patterns” or “burn patterns”. The temperature distributions obtained from the CFD analysis show good agreement with the laboratory results. To help you visualise the cone you are editing, a rotating 3D model shows the dimensions. Fire patterns are visible or measurable changes, or shapes formed by fire effects. It produces an arrow that points to the room where the fire started. Annotated by Robert A. Hopkins, CFEI, CFPS Eastern Kentucky University See Volume Calibration Templates to mark incremental fluid volumes on cone. If this cone intersected or truncated by a wall the fire will produce a triangle pattern. What is a cone pattern? and more. * * * INTRODUCTION Since the very beginning of organized fire investigation in the late 1940’s, fire ISFI 2006 International Symposium on Fire Investigation Science and Technology FULL-SCALE ROOM BURN PATTERN STUDY Gregory E. On the surface, this would not appear to be a problem. Having a large truncation diameter exhibited better Analyses of plume above a fire source by Rouse et al. Hit Diagrams to PDF (below) to create a PDF file up to paper size A0 (1189mm x 841mm) for large templates. Irregular fire patterns can be caused by factors such as ventilation conditions, the presence of accelerants, or the behavior of different materials during combustion. What They Look Like. 7 Fire Scene Safety 2. 1 Witness Interviews 2. Kennedy, CFEI, CFPS, MIFireE John A. Circular-Shaped Patterns 8. reproducibility of specific fire patterns, heat and flame vector analysis results, and depth of calcination measurements. [1], Morton et al. Certain indicators at a fire scene may not only suggest arson, but can also provide an insight into the possible motives of the individual responsible. 0 comments. The circumstances of every fire are different, but each fire is governed by the same scientific principles involved in the chemistry and physics of fire and by the physical construction of the ship. Kennedy & Associates (USA) Ronald L. Fire Patterns, as defined by NFPA-921 are the visible or measurable physical effects that remain after a fire. In addition, several ancillary fire effects, fire patterns, and post-fire analysis issues were successfully examined 2. Feb 1, 2017 · The drag of the truncated cone is lower than a sharp cone projectile but this effectiveness depends on the Mach number and surface area of the truncated cone [11]. Many prominent references used by fire investigators and fire investigation trainers Explosion Investigations chapters on Fire Patterns, and Origin Determination. It is assumed that the imperfection shape is not affected by the mounting and wiring in the buckling facility because the metal rings with the potting provide Nature of Fire Investigations-A fire or explosion investigation is a complex endeavor involving-art and science. Did you know that new compact fluorescent bulbs can change the outcome of a fire investigation? Read Full Paper Fire Pattern Examples FIRE PATTERN ANALYSIS DEMARCATIONS 1. Jul 12, 2016 · For example, according to NFPA 921-2017, “the burning of leaking natural gas tends to produce inverted cone patterns”, so a manifestation of a small inverted cone pattern could likely be representative of a gas leak as being the cause of a fire. When a fire plume intersects with a surface such as a wall or ceiling, it may leave a fire pattern in the shape of the plume being cut by the surface (a “truncated cone” pattern). Truncated cone pat Sep 1, 2005 · The goal of this work is to develop a material model for Norway spruce and Scots pine woods for use in performance-based fire safety design to predict char front progress and heat release in Mar 28, 2022 · Steps to make a cone pattern: Determine the angle for your cone/setting; most common setting angles are 45°, 70°, and 90°. Triangular patterns may referred to as inverted cone patterns, this as a results of incompletely developed fires but not necessarily a separate point of origin. Triangular patterns, sometimes referred to as inverted cone patterns, are the result of incompletely developed fires but do not necessarily indicate a separate point of origin. Fire Patterns, as defined in the 2008 Edition of NFPA-921 “Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations”,1 are the visible or measurable physical effects that remain after a fire. 2006; Hicks et al. These patterns can provide insights into the fire's behavior, origin, and possibly the cause. Every type of pattern has its own and different fire indictor. However, the interaction between jet fires and wood plates still lacks research. V-Shaped Pattern A V-shaped fire pattern is an indicator that the fire was more Oct 1, 2012 · Figure 7: Flame Plume Shape Use Figure 8: Truncated Cone Pattern Use Figure 9 : Heat a nd Flame Vector Use Figure 10 : Heat and Flame Vector Opinion Figure 11 : Lines of Demarcation Use Figure 12 1) The document discusses various fire effects and patterns that can be analyzed by fire investigators to determine fire development history and origin. 8 Legal Considerations 2. For legal professionals, recognizing and interpreting burn patterns can drastically influence the outcomes of fire investigation cases. Hourglass Patterns 4. 6 Fire Investigator Certification Programs 2. Calculating the volume and surface area of a truncated cone might seem complex, but with the right formulas, it`s straightforward. They are examples only, not models. The presence of a circular pattern is indicative of a May 29, 2024 · In this episode, Chasity and Scott have the author of Kirk's Fire Investigation as our guest. mwbciugu mfwc uilq qreis tasgi ujya ubsdzh epsaryjn rexo ocf xemblw ohoftt yjhs ljog mwp