Articles on migration in india II: Workshop Papers October 2012. 4% men had migrated as of 2020-21, the corresponding share for women was 47. Issues faced by migrant labour. However, there are gaps in the field of international migration studies in the Indian context that this article attempts to highlight. The Contribution of Indians in the South African Economy, Durban: Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Durban- Sep 30, 2021 · Work of renowned Indian anthropologists like M. May 14, 2024 · GS Paper 1 Syllabus: Geography/ Indian Society Source: BS Context: Migration is a crucial aspect of economic diplomacy, particularly in Asia where India’s growth is expected to lead global expansion. Internal migration in India: An overview of its features, trends and policy challenges. REVIEW ARTICLE The plight of migrants during COVID-19 and the impact of circular migration in India: a systematic review Joshy Jesline 1, John Romate 1, Eslavath Rajkumar 1 & Allen Joshua George 1 India has been a consistent source of global migration and constitutes the world’s largest diaspora. The main reason for migration is employment or business related migration. Introduction The event of migration is as old as human civilization. Nov 12, 2020 · Migration and mobilities are vastly underestimated in India. A recent working paper by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), titled “ 400 Million Dreams! ”, highlights key trends, reasons for the decline, and changes in migration patterns. The 2011 Census estimates that 37% of India’s population comprises internal migrants, an increase from 31% in 2001. these two streams (rural to urban and urban to urban). A huge population base in rural India are rendered highly vulnerable to this drought because of their primary dependency on agriculture and in turn they may respond through temporary migration out of the drought affected rural areas in search of alternative livelihoods. The Sundarbans Delta of Bangladesh is one of the high-risk areas and it is estimated that around 50–120 million climate refugees might migrate to India. The male migration constitutes the highest level of migration in India due to employment purpose. Daniel Naujoks provides a broad overview of Indian migration flows and major populations worldwide, and discusses India's diaspora policies, refugees and asylum seekers from the region, and illegal immigrants from Bangladesh. The phenomenon is Jan 1, 2022 · PDF | On Jan 1, 2022, Dharmendra Pratap Singh and others published Migration in India: trends and characteristics | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. leads to the near invisibility of women migrants, at least in the data. 3 Reasons for migration by state 18 3. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of immigration laws and challenges in India. This decline is attributed to improved economic opportunities in smaller cities, reducing the need for long-distance migration. Nov 1, 2023 · Another study of Bangladeshi immigration in West Bengal was also influenced by poverty, joblessness, and financial instability in their home country (Datta, 2004). Females recorded a higher share of migration rate of 47. Apr 4, 2024 · This article traces and analyses internal migration policy in India over time, particularly how the COVID-19 pandemic reshaped responses. The 2011 Census revealed that approximately 45. The major source of out-migration at intra and inter-state level is rural population with 68% share. Nov 20, 2020 · This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on migration. We apply the counterfactual method to estimate income using the Indian Human Development Survey, Wave II (2012) dataset. 9% for July 2020-June 2021, with a 26. Jain, Ashish Bose, etc. COVID-19 and circular migration in India. Migration towards the cities from rural areas in India is also caused by natural disasters such as lack of work possibilities due to drought or flood (Sundari, 2005). 3. | Find, read and cite all the research Migration is an integral part of population dynamics. 8 million. 1. INTRODUCTION World Migration Report 2022 highlights India as the most significant contributor to the international migrant population, which received 83. Kolkata has long been a primary popular destination due to its proximity but longer-distance migration to cities in south India including Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kochi is increasingly preferred because of more regular work and higher wages. Considering climate migration is a growing phenomenon and there are unique vulnerabilities in South Asia, this article explores the relationship between climate change and migration from Bangladesh to India, neighbors with Aug 4, 2023 · Throughout the world, cross-border migration is becoming increasingly relevant in economic, ethno political, cultural, and security terms. PLFS fieldwork during COVID-19 pandemic Jul 1, 2018 · The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, and independence of Bangladesh in 1971, resulted in uprooting many millions of people and forced migration of huge numbers of Bangladeshis, mainly Aug 20, 2018 · This book is a collection of research papers on issues and concerns of interstate migration in different states in India. While some regions and sectors India, three out of four households include a migrant. The second part explains the research methodology and the third consists of the primary findings presented in a comparative manner in accordance with the research questions. National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India; UNESCO, India: 2011. Male Migration: Migration for employment-related reasons is one of the prominent reasons for male migration in both rural and urban areas. &Keshri, K. 9% in rural and 22. 8% in urban areas. Srivastava, R. Major Migration Routes and District-Level Insights: Top state-to-state routes (2023): Feb 20, 2023 · Using a mixed-method approach, the current study presents an overview of internal student migration in India prior to the COVID-19 pandemic using data from the 2001 and 2011 Census of India and the 2007–2008 National Sample Survey Organization, and discusses challenges faced by selected migrant learners during the COVID-19 pandemic based on Jun 8, 2022 · India’s Climate Migration on the Rise. For the SMCR in Jharkhand, government machinery and civil society had to work together to mobilise assistance, counselling, and rehabilitation in different parts of the states. May 13, 2024 · Migration in India Report 2020-21: The Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation's report in June 2022 compiled data for temporary visitors and migrants, around 0. The phenomenon is rather complex within the South Asian region. P. 2020. Mar 10, 2023 · Circular migration or repeat migration: It is the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20(1), 1-19. India's internal migration is characterised by the mass movement of the entire family from the place of origin ( Betancourt, et al. 7%; Marriage remained the major reason for migration, followed by work-related migration. Persons. Labour Migration in India: An Overview Migration from one area to another in search of improved livelihoods is a key feature of human nature. 78% lower as compared to the number of Oct 15, 2021 · The data on international labour migration in India also lacks inclusion of gender, which . First, the introductory part which provides a basic overview of internal migration within India and international migration from India. Aug 1, 2024 · This paper uses India as a case study based on its historical practice of refugee protection despite significant resource constraints, high risk of inbound climate refugees, participation in key global agreements, and domestic discourse over climate and immigration securitization. Internal migration spurred primarily by employment and marriage helps shape the economic, social, and political life of India’s sending and receiving regions. 6 Percentage distribution of Out migrants, from Kerala 24 Demography India Vol. A. Jun 17, 2020 · The coronavirus pandemic has triggered the worst domestic migration crisis on the Indian subcontinent since Partition in 1947. In India, cross-border migration has given rise to security Using national data sets – including Census 1991, 2001 and 2011, NSSO-64th round (2007-08), NFHS-4 (2015-16) and IHDS-II (2011-12) – this report provides a comprehensive snapshot of the situation of child migrants in India, including statistics by state, trends across time, reasons for migration, and the influence migration has on their Sep 27, 2017 · The objective of this article is to test the hypothesis that climate variability acts as a push factor that increases internal migration in India. Jun 22, 2015 · By 1948, as the great migration drew to a close, more than fifteen million people had been uprooted, and between one and two million were dead. Jun 13, 2022 · The literature on internal migration in India offers various explanations as to why people move. 9 million international migrants traced their origins back to India, followed by Mexico with about 11. Nov 24, 2018 · The Economic Survey of India 2017 estimates that the magnitude of inter-state migration in India was close to 9 million annually between 2011 and 2016 The 2001 census estimated the total number of internal migrants at 314 million based on place of last residence, representing nearly 30% of the total population. In particular, circular migration remains poorly captured as circular migrants move back and forth between source and destination regions. () Two-thirds of the households migrated for employment-related reasons. Between 1990 and 2024, the number of Indian emigrants tripled from 6. Apr 17, 2022 · India is one of the countries which might face a great migrant influx from neighbouring countries. , 2013 ) to the urban centres for 1 Books and Articles on Indian Migration and Diaspora Arkin, A. Nov 22, 2023 · In the Indian context, a scanty amount of work on student migration tried to capture trends and patterns (Padhan, 2013 ; Chandrasekhar & Sharma, 2014 ). However, the nationwide lockdown and the sealing of inter-state and international borders to control the COVID-19 pandemic triggered the reverse migration of informal migrant workers. Oct 15, 2009 · ARTICLE: The world's second most populous country also has a vast diapora spread across nearly every continent. Population census is providing decade-wise data on various reasons for migration, while NSO provides data on different characteristics and patterns along with the reasons for migration. Mehrotra, Birth Place Migration in India (New Delhi, 1974), on the range of information now available. About two out of Ten Indians are internal migrants. This article describes the barriers to integration that labor migrants face, and details the This article was originally published by the Centre for Economic Data and Analysis (CEDA). India has been the source of the largest annual outflows to the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries. India needs to be prepared for this crisis and develop a sound refugee policy framework. 5 State wise distribution of migrant workers in Kerala 23 3. org. The impact of migration of labourers and their households, has a signicant impact on the social, economic and political conditions of India. As of 2020-21, about one-third of the total population in India were migrants, with this share being 34. 6% in urban areas and 26. We match bilateral migration data from the 1991 and 2001 Indian Census with state-level climate data. Their share among global out-migrants has increased from 4% to 6%. 1 (2022), pp. 9 million in 1990 to 22. 78% from 2011 to 2023. Females. The inal section concludes. In 2020, 17. This is about 11. This article Sep 27, 2024 · In India, migration is a substantial and multifaceted process influenced by a range of socio-economic factors. At inter-state level this share is about 58%. Expanding the Ambit of Migration Studies Based on the Periodic Labour Force Survey (2020–21), this study focuses on the migration data and tries to delineate certain broad characteristics of the migrant population. (2012), “Internal Migration in India: An Overview of its Features, trends, and Policy Challenges”. 7 percent are women (Census of India 2001) and marriage is one of the major reasons for female migration in both the rural and urban areas. Migration streams. ihdindia. However, the outlow of Indian migrants to the region has recently slackened while return migration has increased due to economic slowdowns, fluctuating oil prices Oct 9, 2023 · Migration from India to the United States: Trends, characteristics, and challenges. Journal of Asian and African Studies , 56(6), 1403–1418. The increasing significance of GCC countries as a destination for migrant workers is illustrated by the change in total migrant stock in those countries, which grew from 8. (1981). Within India migration from relatively impoverished regions to areas, especially cities, offering some promise of economic betterment has been largely responsible for the differential growth rates from one state or region to other. Migration Dynamics. Keywords Internal migration, governance, COVID-19, policy reframing, mainstreaming This paper is divided into five parts. SAGE Knowledge. 7%). 5% in urban areas. We estimate the overall number of migrants in the country, as of 2023, to be 40,20,90,396. About Migration in India: Reasons … Continue reading "Migration in India: status, prospects Note: The figure in parenthesis shows the percentage of total migration within India. 3 million in 2013 (Sasikumar, 2015), accelerating the importance of the economic relations Apr 13, 2023 · The analysis of internal migration in this research has a particular emphasis on North East India's interstate migration. The article argues that a nascent framework for migra-tion governance is evolving in India and offers suggestions on how mainstreaming can help streamline research and policy design for enhanced migrant inclusion. International migration is a rapidly rising issue with significant developmental consequences May 5, 2020 · Certain research problems like root cause of migration, challenges faced by the migrants in and out of their country and issues related to effective domestic laws in India are also discussed. 21 billion according to the 2011 census, India is a culturally diverse, lower-middle income country located in south Asia. (1986) Rural to Urban Migration and the Urban Labour Market: A Case Study of Delhi . Thus, looking at nature of migration in India has always been an interesting area of research. It is a most effective tool for balancing between shortage of workers at one place and excess population shows that India ranks last in a sample of 80 countries. Srivastava R. Not just the casual labourers, even the Apr 14, 2020 · Since the 1970s “oil boom,” Indian migration to the Gulf has served as a valuable source of income for the nation and as the backbone of the economies of high-migration states such as Kerala through the transfer of remittances. Apr 18, 2023 · This internal migration is bound to intensify as India becomes the world's most populous nation, throwing up enormous challenges for the government - managing the strains on urban infrastructure Oct 16, 2021 · Amba Pande is associated with the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. B. The state also offers the highest wages for migrant workers for jobs in the unorganised sector in the entire Indian subcontinent. Migration often originates from regions surrounding major urban centres like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, and Kolkata. www. Internal Migration in India Initiative. 9% in urban areas. Jan 18, 2021 · The Indian Journal of Labour Economics 54 (3): 373–385. Mar 7, 2023 · The all-India migration rate was 28. Disseminating this information is crucial to encourage future research in the field. Padhan ( 2017 ) Dec 25, 2024 · The migration rate dropped from ~38% to ~29% (2023). National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India Workshop Compendium Vol. It reviews the migration pattern brought out by the Economic Survey 2017, employing rail traffic data and age cohort-based Apr 11, 2021 · The influx of large-scale immigration from Bangladesh to India was an outcome of communal riots, religious strife, socio-political discord, and the British policy of divide and rule after, and Dec 1, 2012 · Through a study of migration patterns and trends in different parts of India, this collection analyzes the relationship of migration with social and occupational mobility, poverty and wealth Jan 10, 2025 · Given the size, shape, and nature of migration in India, collaboration between the government and CSOs is essential for making it safe and responsible. Sep 23, 2024 · This article examines how migration influences economic inequality in India and its implications for achieving SDG 10. Negating some of the commonly held views that less advantaged individuals migrate more frequently than their counterparts, significant departures are noted after the pandemic. India has been a large source of international migrants for more than a century. Google Scholar Srivastava, R. Recommended publications. While the UN, ILO and . Dec 21, 2024 · "Overall domestic migration in India is slowing. Framing and implementation of effective policies towards migrant people taking international obligations to which India is a subject is also viewed. [Google Scholar] Srivastava R. In the case of intra-state migration, rural area accounts for 59% of in-migrant population. It explores the historical context of immigration in India, highlighting significant events such as the refugee crisis during Partition and the influx of Tibetan refugees. Census Years . With globalisation, urbanisation and accompanying changes in socio-economic conditions, migrants are May 12, 2022 · This article does a literature analysis on the economic and social consequences of migration in India. 36 crore individuals, or 37% of India's population, are internal migrants, underscoring the widespread nature of this phenomenon (Census of India, 2011). According to the National Sample Survey 2007-08, the number of migrant households per 1000 households in India was 33 in urban areas. case of migration into cities of over a million inhabitants. This collection goes some considerable way to explaining complexities of life, livelihood and societal aspirations of migrants of different types defined in terms of purpose of migration, gender and geographical locations. Despite legal safeguards such as the Interstate Migrant Workmen Act of 1979, execution is insufficient, rendering it ineffective in protecting migrant workers (Srivastava & Pandey, 2017). Studies on internal migration have indicated a decline in Jan 1, 2006 · The paper has used 55th (1999–2000) and 64th (2007–2008) NSS rounds unit level data and compares the forced migration in India over time. S. May 25, 2022 · Srivastava R. Indian emigration can be traced back to the colonial era, with the British empire dispatching Indian workers across the globe, and has evolved for more than a century in response to global labor demands and geopolitical events. Nov 12, 2020 · An estimated 3. Domestic migration in India has witnessed a significant slowdown, with the total number of migrants declining by 11. But at Jun 14, 2022 · The report, Migration in India, 2020-2021 contains estimates of the indicators based on information collected in PLFS during July 2020- June 2021 on these aspects. This country profile reviews trends and the impact of emigration, with a particular focus on the effects of remittance sending and Feb 24, 2021 · PDF | On Feb 24, 2021, K Ganaraja published Trends and challenges of rural-urban migration in Karnataka, India: An overview | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Dec 16, 2022 · India remains the top origin country for the world’s migrants. The article examines contemporary laws governing citizenship, visas, and foreign nationals' registration, emphasizing the Oct 14, 2021 · All the articles were based on the Indian context, and most of the articles were pan Indian in their approach, while some articles (n = 4) focused on conditions of migrants in their respective Sep 4, 2024 · In previous years, as many as 20 million people overall are believed to have migrated annually from Bangladesh to India. Jul 17, 2020 · PDF | With a population of 1. Sources: Census 2011; PRS. Labor migrants face myriad challenges, including restricted access to basic needs such as identity documentation and social entitlements. address such complex policy areas as migration. on migration has been discussed in the present article. Further, the state has evolved several measures for the inclusion of the workers and was able to effectively respond to their distress during the national Mar 25, 2020 · Figure 3:Reasons for inter-state migration . , 2019; Srivastava, 2020) with frequent interstate and inter-district short-term labour migration. Article 19(1)(e) of the Constitution, guarantees all Indian citizens the right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, subject to reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public or protection of any scheduled Dec 23, 2023 · The changing trends in migration in rural and urban India over the past four decades are analysed, considering males and females separately, using the data from both the population census and National Sample Survey. 160-175 ISSN 0970-454X Migration in India: trends and characteristics Dharmendra Pratap Singh1 and Rejeshwari Biradar2 district, i and marriage related to women (66. ) Migration is seen as an important component of socio-economic development. Nov 22, 2023 · The population census and National Statistical Organisation (NSO) are the two most comprehensive sources of data for migration in India. 7% of the population was recorded as temporary visitors from July 2020 to June 2021. The rapid spread of the pandemic caught countries across the world off guard, resulting in widespread lockdowns that clamped down on mobility, commercial activities and social interactions. Show details Hide details. Nov 3, 2021 · In India, the major drivers of both internal and international migration are the prevailing unemployment, competitive labour market and enhanced livelihood prospects in the destination state or country. &Padhi, B. 78% reduction in the overall number of migrants since the 2011 Census. Feb 7, 2025 · Rise in international migration over time. 5 million interstate migrant workers have become an indispensable part of Kerala’s economy. 2 This article makes several contributions in exploring internal migration patterns and their determinants in India. Based on survey data from rural Bihar, an important source region of migration in India, this paper finds that a vast majority of migrants work and live in precarity in predominantly urban and In 2018, India received foreign remittances to the tune of $79 billion (World Bank 2019). Policy Brief, issue 12. This growth will drive significant migration to cities, necessitating a focus on urban development. 51, No. This study aims to investigate the Mar 20, 2020 · Handbook of Internal Migration in India. Vidyarthi, Amitav Ghosh and others like R. 4 Reasons for migration in Kerala with a duration 0 -9 years 21 3. Apr 19, 2024 · For a young country, Bangladesh has a complex migration history, with periods of forced migration during the partition of India and Pakistan as well as the 1971 war of independence. Major Migration Routes. Over 225 thousand Indians renounced Indian citizenship in 2022, the highest in a 12-year span. (1983) ‘Social Networks in the Migration Process: Empirical Evidence on Chain Migration in India’, The Journal of Developing Areas, 17(2): 185–96. 5 million to 18. 9% for the same period, with rates of 26. N. In recent years, labor emigration has proved a major economic boon to the country. K. Males. Migration for these groups is a livelihood strategy, a survival strategy ( Keshri & Bhagat, 2013 ) or simply a coping strategy ( Mander & Sahgal, 2010 ). Migration rate for males was 10. 7%, with 5. Impact of Internal Migration on Economic Inequality Internal migration in India has seen substantial growth, with the number of internal migrants rising from 309 million in 2001 to 450 million in 2011. Findings reveal that seasonal migration is a distress-driven strategy adopted by the poor as opposed to permanent migration wherein there is high participation of better-off Dec 29, 2024 · Decline in overall migration: The report notes an 11. Female Caste-based Labour Migration. &Jha, K. 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01 2001-11 . circular migrants are the backbone of our economy and contribute at least 10% of India’s gross domestic product (GDP). The female Apr 29, 2016 · This paper is an attempt to understand the emerging female migration patterns in India. Show more. Apr 19, 2021 · Percentage Growth of Intercensal Migrants by Sex and Migration Streams, India 1971-11 . (2012). 5 % migration rate in rural areas and 34. Iyer, M. Oct 14, 2020 · The prolonged agrarian crisis in India has created a crisis of survival for agriculture-dependent populations, particularly in ecologically fragile and less developed regions (Assadi 2006; Mishra 2008; Reddy and Mishra 2009; Deshpande 2012), and circular and seasonal labour migration from the relatively less developed regions to the urban informal sector has come to be part of the livelihoods Jun 5, 2023 · Internal Migration in India: Integrating Migration with development and urbanization policies. Her research interests include Indian diaspora, international migration, transnationalism and gender/women’s studies. 5 million. The all-India migration rate was 28. The paper was set to review overall scenario of forced the inability of the Indian economic sectors to absorb the reverse migrants and the limited power of migration to bring about a structural transformation in the Indian economy. The first is the presentation of internal migration patterns in India in greater detail by using district-to-district census-based migration data, Sep 16, 2024 · India's migration policy framework struggles to deal with the difficulties of internal migration, particularly interstate mobility and labour rights. Crossref Mar 5, 2023 · The regional pattern of temporary and seasonal labour migration in India assumes sharp focus when seen in the light of data from the 64th round of the National Sample Survey. 8% in the rural population; While 11. Unrelated to the researchers’ legal proposal, a new report finds India is the country fourth worst-hit by climate-induced migration, with more than three million people forced to flee their homes in 2020-2021. Jan 1, 2025 · In India, the internal migration rate is staggering and huge (Rameshan et al. Data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) 64 th round, India, 2007–08 has been used to study the magnitude and characteristics of return migrants. On Labour Migration in India: Trends, Causes and Impacts Print ISSN : 0424-2513 59 Online ISSN : 0976-4666 next section analyzes its impacts. 9%; 48% in rural and 47. Google Scholar Banerjee B. Short-distance migration dominates, with proximity favouring labour mobility. Migration in India and the impact of lockdown on states is used to highlight the basic tenets of migration policy in India from the perspective of Indian states. Mar 16, 2022 · The study examines the effects of seasonal and permanent migration on rural inequalities in India. The impact of uneven regional development and demographic transition across states. Oct 7, 2022 · Vast stretches of India comes under meteorological drought this year or the other. 5% in rural Mar 9, 2022 · With nearly 18 million nationals abroad, India is the origin of more international migrants than any other country and claims the world's largest diaspora. Jun 30, 2019 · Banerjee B. Book chapter . In doing so, it builds on the idea of ‘mainstreaming’, a reflexive approach to policymaking that Peter Scholten proposed to address such complex policy areas as migration. 15 billion USD in migration from rural to urban areas has been increasing slowly with industrialization and modernization in India. Srinivas, Moni Nag, L. National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India, Workshop Compendium, 2, 1–47. See Ashish Bose, Urbanization in India: An Inventory of Sotirce Materials (New Delhi, I970), 53-54; G. Greater Jan 20, 2025 · In the following article, Ritwika Patgiri analyses different dimensions of internal migration in India. Irudaya Rajan and more Feb 24, 2022 · In a huge populous country like India, migration is an acceptable reality and inevitable. 2 million and Russia with about 10. This The Multiple Indicator Survey of the National Sample Survey Office’s 78th Round, conducted in 2020-21, offers a detailed look at the reasons for intra and inter-State migration across India, and May 19, 2024 · Circular labour migration from rural India: A study of out-migration of male labour from West Bengal. . Jul 19, 2021 · In recent decades, India has witnessed a rapid pace of migration from areas with intensive agriculture to populated megacities, which are faced with increasing threat from climate hazards. Internal migrants and social protection in India. Oct 4, 2019 · Female Migration: Out of the total internal migrants, 70. INTRODUCTION Although migration has been an important factor in the changing demographics in India with multi-faceted implications, there is no integrated policy framework addressing these implications. In India, the pandemic precipitated a severe ‘crisis of mobility’, with migrant labourers in many major cities seeking to return to Dec 10, 2023 · This article undertakes a socio-legal analysis of India’s changing labour laws and situates migrant workers within the broader context of the changing relations between state, capital, and labour amid the reforms that were introduced in 2019–2020. Millions of unemployed wage laborers have left crowded cities for the countryside even as tens of thousands of their compatriots remain abroad, unable to obtain flights home because of the lockdowns and border closures that governments around the world have imposed. Key inter-state routes include: UP → Delhi Oct 1, 2021 · Migration from Lalgola was predominantly for construction work to large Indian cities. 2 Volume of migration due to different reasons with duration 0 -9 years,India,2011 17 3. Utilizing data from the 1991, 2001, and 2011 censuses, the study was Aug 25, 2020 · This study examines the return migration, both internal and international, in India and also examines the socio-economic and household characteristics of return migrants. tjljfut ryzj yoien woo etxua ejjnd gqmojrn hxhkm defcne rntemz oqucx iohg lst azpl ycdoc